长江下游农区金花菜叶蛋白提取工艺优化及关键参数特征

为改进和优化金花菜(Medicago polymorpha)叶蛋白提取的工艺环节,并提高叶蛋白提取率及提取物纯度等参数指标,本研究选择长江下游农区广泛种植的金花菜为原料,通过设置较为合理科学的料液比、提取温度、加热时间、pH以及提取剂(酸)种类进行叶蛋白提取单因素试验。结果表明:各单因素试验最佳参数分别为料液比1∶3、提取温度70℃、加热时间15 min、pH 4、提取剂(酸)为盐酸。基于清洁安全生产角度,选择了单因素试验中提取指标同样较高的柠檬酸作为提取剂,设置了料液比、pH及提取温度的3因素3水平响应面试验,发现影响叶蛋白提取率的因素依次为pH、提取温度、料液比。得到最佳提取工艺:料液比1∶3、pH 4.1、提取温度72℃,相应的叶蛋白提取率为49.63%,提取物纯度为56.87%。本研究优化的技术工艺及相关参数指标可为农区豆科草类植物多元化利用及叶蛋白工业化生产提供一定的技术支撑和相关借鉴。     

3种水质调控方式下参池沉积物酶活性的比较研究

2015年10月至2016年9月对自然纳潮、微孔曝气、养水机3种水质调控方式下海参池塘沉积物中淀粉酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶的活性进行了跟踪比较研究。研究结果显示,3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中的淀粉酶活性年变化为0.126~0.880 mg/g,年均值(0.410±0.180) mg/g,蛋白酶活性年变化为0.024~0.472 mg/g,年均值(0.190±0.103) mg/g,碱性磷酸酶活性年变化为0.068~1.042 mg/g,年均值(0.340±0.196) mg/g,脱氢酶活性年变化为12.092~52.794 mL/g,年均值(26.980±8.295) mL/g。3种水质调控方式下池塘沉积物中蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶及脱氢酶活性均在自然纳潮池塘中均值最高,变化幅度最大;淀粉酶活性均值则在自然纳潮池塘中最低,养水机池塘最高,这与养水机池塘有机质最低,自然纳潮池塘最高,养水机池塘沉积物的细菌多样性最高,真菌数量最多有关。表明养水机能够快速去除沉积物中氮、磷有机化合物,有利于池塘的正常物质循环。本研究从沉积物酶活性的角度,探讨了养水机的作用效果与其他两种水质调控方式产生差异的机理。     

基于AHP-CRITIC复合加权法评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰品质

运用AHP-CRITIC复合加权法评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质。以不同发育期的苦水玫瑰为研究对象,测定总多糖、总黄酮、总多酚含量及抗氧化活性,采用AHP-CRITIC复合加权法综合评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质。结果发现抗氧化IC50、总黄酮、总多酚、总多糖4个指标成分的复合权重分别为0.294 1、0.152 3、0.158 8、0.394 8;幼蕾期、花蕾期、盛开期苦水玫瑰质量综合评分分别为54.362 0、38.451 9、33.801 9,即幼蕾期苦水玫瑰的质量最好,花蕾期次之,盛开期较差。说明通过化学成分和生物活性作用综合评价不同发育期苦水玫瑰的品质,幼蕾期苦水玫瑰品质最好。     

在农业领域启动技术方法创新平台建设的思考

文章以贯彻国家大型设备开放共享精神为出发点,阐述了技术方法创新平台建设的背景,明确了该平台的基本工作任务,如提升设施运行效率、推进全面开放共享、完善均衡人员体系、支撑领域科技发展等,并提出了加强研究经费支持、推进运行绩效管理、探索人才引育模式、强化仪器配置管理等加强技术方法创新平台建设的建议。     

土壤交换性铝的三种测定方法比较

为了准确高效地检测土壤交换性铝含量,探寻适宜的检测方法。比较分析了氯化钾交换-中和滴定法、铝试剂法和羊毛铬花青R比色法所测交换性铝的差异性、精密度、准确性和适用性。结果表明,3种方法所测交换性铝无显著性差异。但羊毛铬花青R比色法的精密度优于氯化钾交换-中和滴定法和铝试剂法,羊毛铬花青R比色法平均回收率达99.28%,准确性高于另2种方法。羊毛铬花青R比色法的线性范围在0~0.32 mg/L,对应吸光值范围在0~0.778;铝试剂法的线性范围在0~0.8 mg/L,对应吸光值范围在0.006~0.157;与铝试剂法相比,羊毛铬花青R比色法的线性范围小于铝试剂法,但其吸光值范围大于铝试剂法。羊毛铬花青R比色法显色剂与显色物质吸收峰间隔较远,测定背景干扰小,方法灵敏度较高。羊毛铬花青R比色法检测单个样品的平均用时为4.2 min,检测效率高于另2种方法,且操作简捷,适用性较高。因此,推荐羊毛铬花青R比色法为土壤交换性铝的测定方法。     

考虑水文变异的水库生态流量研究

为探讨水文变异对生态流量影响,确定最佳水库生态流量推求方法,针对尼尔基水库生态问题,采用Mann-kendall突变检测法、滑动T检验法和有序聚类法,结合序号总和理论和Spearman相关系数计算对水文时间序列作综合识别,确定水库发生水文变异年份为1963年和1999年。利用NGPRP法和逐月频率年内展布计算法分别计算天然状态、次天然状态、现状和不考虑水文变异条件下最小生态流量和适宜生态流量。参考Tennant法评价结果表明水库生态系统退化主要受人类扰动影响,观察次天然状态和不考虑变异状态下生态径流过程,最小生态流量占多年平均流量百分数相差9.21%和1.70%,适宜生态流量相差3.04%和1.47%。研究应更多考虑次天然生态径流过程,其最小生态流量仅可作为生态流量下限。     

基于Nemerow法的核桃林土壤肥力分析与评价

研究云南核桃和新疆核桃林土壤肥力状况，探索核桃林土壤肥力的主要影响因子，为核桃林地平衡施肥提供参考依据。以维西县核桃林为对象，采集核桃林地深0～20、20～40、40～60 cm 3个土层90个样点的土壤，测定pH、有机质、碱解N、有效P、速效K等因子，运用Nemerow法和第2次土壤普查分级标准进行土壤肥力综合评价。结果表明:1)土壤养分因子变异系数在10.0％～133.3％，速效K属于强变异；pH总体均值为6.51，呈弱酸性，随着土层深度的增加，pH呈上升趋势；有机质和碱解N总体均值分别为25.2 mg·kg^-1和78.8 mg·kg^-1，均分布在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，有机质属中上水平，碱解N属中等水平，二者均表现为明显的表聚现象和随土层深度的增加含量下降的相似性；有效P总体均值为9.66 mg·kg^-1，分布在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级，属中等水平；速效K总体均值为69.4 mg·kg^-1，分布在Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ级，属低水平。2)核桃林土壤的有机质、碱解N、有效P、速效K 4个养分因子均表现为0～20 cm土层含量最高，随着土层深度的增加，含量总体均呈下降趋势，差异显著性分析表明各采样点和各土层之间4个养分因子均表现为差异显著。3）Nemerow法评价结果显示，该研究区域内核桃林土壤综合肥力指数均值为1.37，肥力指数最高1.54，最低1.12，属于中等水平，速效K是研究区域内核桃林地的主要限制因子。     

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of a Depolymerized Glycosaminoglycan from Holothuria fuscopunctata,a Novel Anticoagulant Candidate,in Rats by Bioanalytical Methods

dHG-5 (Mw 5.3 kD) is a depolymerized glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Holothuria fuscopunctata. As a selective inhibitor of intrinsic Xase (iXase), preclinical study showed it was a promising anticoagulant candidate without obvious bleeding risk. In this work, two bioanalytical methods based on the anti-iXase and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) prolongation activities were established and validated to determine dHG-5 concentrations in plasma and urine samples. After single subcutaneous administration of dHG-5 at 5, 9, and 16.2 mg/kg to rats, the time to peak concentration (T_max) was at about 1 h, and the peak concentration (C_max) was 2.70, 6.50, and 10.11 μg/mL, respectively. The plasma elimination half-life(T_1/2β) was also about 1 h and dHG-5 could be almost completely absorbed after s.c. administration. Additionally, the pharmacodynamics of dHG-5 was positively correlated with its pharmacokinetics, as determined by rat plasma APTT and anti-iXase method, respectively. dHG-5 was mainly excreted by urine as the unchanged parent drug and about 60% was excreted within 48 h. The results suggested that dHG-5 could be almost completely absorbed after subcutaneous injection and the pharmacokinetics of dHG-5 are predictable. Studying pharmacokinetics of dHG-5 could provide valuable information for future clinical studies.     

家蚕茧分级和检验方法研究初报

为了适应仪器评茧和提高蚕茧质量,从技术层面研究了统一的家蚕茧分级标准,初步确定了蚕茧分级办法、质量标示、质量综合得分计算方法、检验方法及茧价计算方法等。依照统一的蚕茧分级标准及方法,可促进蚕茧收购与销售“按质评级、分等计价”,有利于“优茧优价”政策的全面实施。     

Use of genomic recursions and algorithm for proven and young animals for single‐step genomic BLUP analyses – a simulation study

The purpose of this study was to examine accuracy of genomic selection via single‐step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) when the direct inverse of the genomic relationship matrix ( G ) is replaced by an approximation of G ^?1 based on recursions for young genotyped animals conditioned on a subset of proven animals, termed algorithm for proven and young animals (APY). With the efficient implementation, this algorithm has a cubic cost with proven animals and linear with young animals. Ten duplicate data sets mimicking a dairy cattle population were simulated. In a first scenario, genomic information for 20k genotyped bulls, divided in 7k proven and 13k young bulls, was generated for each replicate. In a second scenario, 5k genotyped cows with phenotypes were included in the analysis as young animals. Accuracies (average for the 10 replicates) in regular EBV were 0.72 and 0.34 for proven and young animals, respectively. When genomic information was included, they increased to 0.75 and 0.50. No differences between genomic EBV (GEBV) obtained with the regular G ^?1 and the approximated G ^?1 via the recursive method were observed. In the second scenario, accuracies in GEBV (0.76, 0.51 and 0.59 for proven bulls, young males and young females, respectively) were also higher than those in EBV (0.72, 0.35 and 0.49). Again, no differences between GEBV with regular G ^?1 and with recursions were observed. With the recursive algorithm, the number of iterations to achieve convergence was reduced from 227 to 206 in the first scenario and from 232 to 209 in the second scenario. Cows can be treated as young animals in APY without reducing the accuracy. The proposed algorithm can be implemented to reduce computing costs and to overcome current limitations on the number of genotyped animals in the ssGBLUP method.